Development and Validation of Teachers’ Performance Appraisal Scale (TPAS) for Public Primary Schools of Punjab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.02(22)25.241-256Keywords:
performance evaluation, appraisal scale, school teachers, public schools, primary schoolAbstract
The purpose of research in hand was to develop and validate Teachers’ Performance Appraisal Scale (TPAS) to appraise the performance of public primary school teachers of Punjab (Pakistan). The five distinctive dimensions of performance through TPAS were teaching-learning, classroom management, assessment, teacher-student relationship and staff collaboration. Data were collected from 1080 male and female public primary school teachers from nine districts with low, average and high school performance. The experts’ opinion was also incorporated in order to enhance content validity of TPAS. The reliability coefficient of TPAS was observed as (α=.915). The current TPAS comprised on 28 statements. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were also carried out. The factor loading of all factors and items were above the threshold value 0.50. The findings of said research indicate that current TPAS is valid and capable in order to appraise performance of public primary school teachers. It is recommended that TPAS may be used by the authorities for teachers' appraisal for the improvement of quality of teaching and learning in primary schools.
References
Aguinis, H., & Bradley, K. J. (2015). The secret sauce for organizational success. Organizational Dynamics, 44(3), 161-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.orgdyn.2015.05.001
Aguinis, H., & Burgi-Tian, J. (2021). Measuring performance during crises and beyond: The performance promoter score. Business Horizons, 64(1), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2020.09.001
Akin, E. (2016). Flipped classroom learning model and its availability in turkish education. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 4(11), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v4i11.1825
Akin, U., & Ulusoy, T. (2016). The relationship between organizational silence and burnout among academicians: A research on universities in Turkey. International Journal of Higher Education, 5(2), 46-58. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v5n2p46
Ameen, A., & Baharom, M. N. (2019). The assessment of effect of performance appraisal on employee performance in Nigerian civil service. e-Bangi, 16(5).
Ansari, K. R., & Bijalwan, P. (2017). Team effectiveness: A relational approach with employee retention. Metamorphosis, 16(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/09 72622517731408
Armstrong, T. S., Cohen, M. Z., Eriksen, L., & Cleeland, C. (2005). Content validity of self-report measurement instruments: An illustration from the development of the Brain Tumor Module of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32, 669-676.
Azeez, S. A. (2017). The impact of appraisal system, supervisor support and motivation on employee retention: A review of literature. International Journal of Commerce and Management Research, 3(7), 37–42.
Bearden, W. O., Netemeyer, R., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications: California: Sage.
Birdsall, C. (2018) Performance management in public higher education: Unintended consequences and the implications of organizational diversity. Public Performance & Management Review, 41(4), 669-695. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2018.1481116
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Frontiers in public health, 6, 149. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Bohn, C. M., Roehrig, A. D., & Pressley, M. (2004). The first days of school in the classrooms of two more effective and four less effective primary-grades teachers. The Elementary School Journal, 104, 269-287. https://doi.org/10.1086/499753
Burns, N., & Grove, S. K. (2005). The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique and utilization. United States: Elsevier/Saunders.
Cappelli, P., & Conyon, M. J. (2018). What do performance appraisals do?. ILR Review, 71(1), 88-116. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0019793917698649
Ceschi, A., Dorofeeva, K., & Sartori, R. (2014). Studying teamwork and team climate by using a business simulation: how communication and innovation can improve group learning and decision-making performance. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(3), 211-230. https://doi.org/ 10.1108/EJTD-01-2013-0004
Chahar, B. (2020). Performance Appraisal Systems and Their Impact on Employee Performance: The Moderating Role of Employee Motivation. Information Resources Management Journal (IRMJ), 33(4), 17-32. https://doi.org/ 10.4018/IRMJ.2020100102
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Construct validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Measurement, 28, 61-75.
Croninger, R. G., & Lee, V. E. (2001). Social capital and dropping out of high school: Benefits to at-risk students of teachers' support and guidance. Teachers College Record, 103(4), 548– 581. https://doi.org/10.1111/0161-4681.00127
Crosone, R., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2004). Intergenerational bonding in school: The behavioral and contextual correlates of student-teacher relationships. Sociology of Education, 77, 60–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/003804070407700103
Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of Assessing Model Fit. Testing structural equation models, 154, 136.
Daigneault, P.-M., & Jacob, S. (2014). Unexpected but most welcome mixed methods for the validation and revision of the participatory evaluation measurement instrument. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 8(1), 6-24. https://doi.org/10 .1177%2F1558689813486190
Darling-Hammond, L., Newton, S. P., & Wei, R. C. (2013). Developing and assessing beginning teacher effectiveness: The potential of performance assessments. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 25(3), 179-204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11092-013-9163-0
DeNisi, A. S., & Murphy, K. R. (2017). Performance appraisal and performance management: 100 years of progress?. Journal of applied psychology, 102(3), 421. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000085
Derrington, M.L. & Campbell, J.W. (2018). High-stakes teacher evaluation policy: US principals’ perspectives and variations in practice. Teachers and Teaching, 24(3), 246-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2017.1421164
DeVellis, R. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (3rd ed.). Vol. 26. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Edoziem, E. J. & Nwideeduh, S.B. (2020). Performance management as a correlate of teachers’ productivity in Catholic Mission secondary schools in IMO State. Journal of Education in Developing Areas, 27(1), 137-148.
Farooqi, M. T. K., Akhtar, M. M. S., & Nadeem, M. (2013). Development and validation of Performance Appraisal Scale (PAS-SSTs) for secondary school teachers. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, 2(4), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020(105-116)
Fish, M. C., Gefen, D. R., & Kaczetow, W., Winograd, G. & Futtersak-Goldberg, R. (2016). Development and validation of the college campus environment scale (cces): Promoting positive college experiences. Innovation in Higher Education, 41, 153–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-015-9337-4
Fowler, L. T. S., Banks, T. I., Anhalt, K., Der, H. H., & Kalis, T. (2008). The association between externalizing behavior problems, teacher-student relationship quality, and academic performance in young urban learners. Behavioral Disorders, 33(3), 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019874290803300304
Gorman, C. A., Meriac, J. P., Roch, S. G., Ray, J. L., & Gamble, J. S. (2017). An exploratory study of current performance management practices: Human resource executives’ perspectives. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 25(2), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12172
Granot, D. (2016). Socioemotional and behavioural adaptation of students with disabilities: The significance of teacher–student attachment-like relationships. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 21(4), 416-432.https://doi. org/10.1080/13632752.2016.1235324
Gunawan, J., Marzilli, C., & Aungsuroch, Y. (2021). Establishing appropriate sample size for developing and validating a questionnaire in nursing research. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(5), 356-360. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1927
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
Hallinger, P. (2019). A systematic review of research on educational leadership and management in South Africa: mapping knowledge production in a developing society. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 22(3), 315-333.
Hamid, S. R. A., Hassan, S. S. S., & Ismail, N. A. H. (2012). Teaching quality and performance among experienced teachers in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 37(11), 85-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2012v37n11.2
Hamre, B. K., & Pianta, R. C. (2001). Early teacherchild relationships and the trajectory of children’s school outcomes through eighth grade. Child Development, 72, 625– 638.
Haughney, K., Wakeman, S., & Hart, L. (2020). Quality of feedback in higher education: A review of literature. Education Sciences, 10(3), 60.
Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967-988 https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0149- 2063(95)90050-0
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003
Ibeogu, P. H., & Ozturen, A. (2015). Perception of justice in performance appraisal and effect on satisfaction: Empirical findings from Northern Cyprus Banks. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23, 964-969. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00359-7
Idowu, A. (2017). Effectiveness of performance appraisal system and its effect on employee motivation. Nile Journal of Business and Economics, 3(5), 15-39.
Iqbal, M. Z., Akbar, S., & Budhwar, P. (2015). Effectiveness of performance appraisal: An integrated framework. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(4), 510-533. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12050
Jacobson, W. S., & Sowa, J. E. (2015). Strategic human capital management in municipal government: An assessment of implementation practices. Public Personnel Management, 44(3), 317-339. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0091026015591283
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
Kallio, K. M., Kallio, T. J., & Grossi, G. (2017). Performance measurement in universities: Ambiguities in the use of quality vs. quantity in indicators. Public Money & Management, 37(4), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2017.1295735
Khan, G., Khan, A., Hussain, S., & Shaheen, N. (2017). Teacher Evaluation: Global Perspectives and Lessons for Pakistan. Dialogue (Pakistan), 12(3).
Knekta, E., Runyon, C., & Eddy, S. (2019). One size doesn't fit all: Using factor analysis to gather validity evidence when using surveys in your research. CBE Life Sciences Education, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1187%2Fcbe.18-04-0064.
Kumar, M., & Liu, Z. (2019). Classroom Management Strategies and Student Learning. Advanced Journal of Social Science, 5(1), 65-72. https://doi.org/ 10.21467/ajss.5.1.65-72
Kwok, A. (2017). Relationships between instructional quality and classroom management for beginning urban teachers. Educational Researcher, 46(7), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.3102%2F0013189X17726727
Lavrakas, P. J. (2008). Questionnaire Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods (Vol. 1-10). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Ma, L., Liu, J., & Li, B. (2022). The association between teacher?student relationship and academic achievement: The moderating effect of parental involvement. Psychology in the Schools, 59(2), 281-296. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/pits.22608
MacCallum, R.C., Browne, M.W., and Sugawara, H., M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1 (2), 130-49.
Malunda, P. N. (2019). Teacher support systems and quality of pedagogical practices in Uganda’s public secondary schools. African Journal of Governance and Development, 8(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10520/EJC-1a85633813
Marzano, R. J. (2012). Teacher evaluation. Educational Leadership, 70(3), 14-19.
Marzano, R. J., & Marzano, J. S. (2003). The key to classroom management. Educational leadership, 61(1), 6-13.
Marzano, R. J., & Toth, M. D. (2013). Teacher evaluation that makes a difference: A new model for teacher growth and student achievement: ASCD.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82. https://doi.org/10.1037/ 1082-989X.7.1.64
McNeish, D., An, J., & Hancock, G. R. (2018). The thorny relation between measurement quality and fit index cutoffs in latent variable models. Journal of personality assessment, 100(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891. 2017.1281286
Meehan, B. T., Hughes, J. N., & Cavell, T. A. (2003). Teacher–student relationships as compensatory resources for aggressive children. Child development, 74(4), 1145-1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00598
Morgado, F. F., Meireles, J. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A., & Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s41155-016-0057-1
Morse, J. M. (2000). Determining sample size. Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104973200129118183.
Nadeem, M., Arif, S., & Asghar, M. Z. (2020). Development and Validation of Performance Appraisal Scale (PAS-HSSTs) for Higher Secondary School Teachers. Sir Syed Journal of Education & Social Research, 3(3), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.36902/sjesr-vol3-iss3-2020
Nadeem, M., Farooqi, M. T. K., Shehzad, M. N., & Ahmad, M. (2014). Performance appraisal system: A gender-based comparison of secondary school teachers in Pakistan. Practice, 8, 9-21.
Na-Nan, K., Kanthong, S., Joungtrakul, J., & Smith, I. D. (2020). Mediating effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment between problems with performance appraisal and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 64. https://doi.org/10. 3390/joitmc6030064
Nazir, O., & Islam, J. U. (2017). Enhancing organizational commitment and employee performance through employee engagement: An empirical check. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 6(1), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-04-2016-0036
Pichler, S., Varma, A., Michel, J. S., Levy, P. E., Budhwar, P. S., & Sharma, A. (2016). Leader?member exchange, group?and individual?level procedural justice and reactions to performance appraisals. Human Resource Management, 55(5), 871-883. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21724
Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Newcomer, L. (2016). The Brief Student–Teacher Classroom Interaction Observation: Using dynamic indicators of behaviors in the classroom to predict outcomes and inform practice. Assessment for Effective Intervention, 42(1), 32-42. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1534508416641605
Rusu, G., Avasilcai, S., & Hutu, C. A. (2016). Employee performance appraisal: A conceptual framework. Annals of the University of Oradea, Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering, 2, 53-58.
Saeed, S., & Shah, F. M. (2016). Impact of performance appraisal on employees motivation in Islamic Banking. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 5(7), 34-45.
Saharuddin, D. S., & Sulaiman, B. (2016). The effect of promotion and compensation toward working productivity through job satisfaction and working motivation of employees in the department of water and mineral resources energy North Aceh District. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 5(10), 33-40.
Sánchez-Almeida, T., Sandoval-Palis, I., Gilar-Corbi, R., Castejón-Costa, J., & Salazar-Orellana, D. (2020). Teaching evaluation questionnaire validation at Escuela Politécnica Nacional, applying the method of Factor Analysis with extraction of principal components. Ingeniería e Investigación, 40(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10. 15446/ing.investig.v40n1.79634
Savalei, V. (2012). The Relationship between Root Mean Square Error of Approximation and Model Misspecification in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(6) 910–932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412452564
Scott, S. G., & Einstein, W. O. (2001). Strategic performance appraisal in team-based organizations: One size does not fit all. Academy of Management Perspectives, 15(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2001.4614990
Shahzad, M. N., Khan, M. T., & Akhtar, J. H. (2016). Development and Validation of Teachers’ Performance Evaluation Scale (TPES). Development, 3(1).
Singh, P., & Rana, S. (2015). Impact of Performance Appraisal on motivation, employee commitment and organizational effectiveness. Global Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(5), 342-354.
Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: a clear and userfriendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268-274.
Stronge, J. H. (2006). Teacher evaluation and school improvement: Improving the educational landscape. Evaluating teaching: A guide to current thinking and best practice, 2, 1-23.
Su, X., Liu, Y., & Hanson-Rasmussen, N. (2017). Voice behavior, supervisor attribution and employee performance appraisal. Sustainability, 9(10), 1829. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su9101829
Suleman, Q. & Gul, R. (2015), Challenges to successful total quality management implementation in public secondary schools: A case study of Kohat District, Pakistan. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(15), 23-134.
Su?kowski, ?., Przytu?a, S., Borg, C., & Kulikowski, K. (2020). Performance appraisal in universities—assessing the tension in public service motivation (PSM). Education Sciences, 10(7), 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10070174
Tambrin, M., Wasliman, I., Hanafiah, H., & Mudrikah, A. (2021). Implementation and Evaluation of Teachers’ Performance Supervision at Madrasah Aliyah (Islamic Senior High School): A Case Study of MAN 2 Banjarmasin and MAN 3 Banjarmasin. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 5(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jere.v5i4.32941
Tong, Y. K., & Arvey, R. D. (2015). Managing complexity via the competing values framework. Journal of Management Development, 34(6) 653-673. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-04-2014-0029
Trost, A. (2017). The end of performance appraisal: A practitioners' guide to alternatives in agile organizations. Springer.
Upadhyay, R. K., Ansari, K. R., & Bijalwan, P. (2020). Performance appraisal and team effectiveness: a moderated mediation model of employee retention and employee satisfaction. Vision, 24(4), 395-405. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F09722629198755 42
Usman, Y. D. (2015). The Impact of Instructional Supervision on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(10), 160-167.
Varma, A., Zilic, I., Katou, A., Blajic, B. and Jukic, N. (2021), "Supervisor-subordinate relationships and employee performance appraisals: a multi-source investigation in Croatia". Employee Relations, 43(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2019-0248
Veloo, A., Komuji, M. M. A., & Khalid, R. (2013). The effects of clinical supervision on the teaching performance of secondary school teachers. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 35-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.148
Zamanzadeh, V., Ghahramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., Alavi-Majd, H., & Nikanfar, A.-R. (2015). Design and implementation content validity study: Development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication. Journal of Caring Sciences, 4(2), 165-178. https://doi.org/10.15171% 2Fjcs.2015.017
