Deconstructing the Mental Health Crisis in Pakistani Higher Education: A Critical Examination of the Prevalence, Intersectional Correlates, and Socio-Ecological Determinants of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality Among University Students

Abstract

The mental health crisis among university students in Pakistan is a growing concern, with increasing rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality reported within higher education settings. This paper aims to critically examine the prevalence of mental health issues, their intersectional correlates, and the socio-ecological determinants influencing depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students in Pakistan. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to explore how demographic factors (such as gender, socioeconomic status, and academic pressure), as well as broader socio-ecological factors (such as family dynamics, societal expectations, and institutional support), contribute to the mental health challenges faced by students. Findings suggest that while mental health issues are widespread, factors such as gender, social stigma, limited access to mental health services, and academic pressures significantly exacerbate the mental health crisis. The study concludes with policy recommendations to address the underlying social and institutional factors that contribute to the mental health challenges in higher education institutions in Pakistan. It emphasizes the need for a multi-layered, integrative approach to mental health support that addresses the intersectional nature of these issues and promotes a more inclusive, supportive academic environment.