Role of Pakistan Reading Project (PRP) in Promoting Urdu Reading Skill at Primary Level in Azad Jammu and Kashmir
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.01.21(22)226-238Keywords:
Pakistan Reading Project (PRP), Promoting Urdu Reading Skill, Primary Level, Azad Jammu and KashmirAbstract
This study was arranged to compare the performance of PRP schools and Non-PRP schools in promoting Urdu reading skills of the learners at the primary level in District Kotli AJ&K. The objectives of the study were to compare improvement in Urdu reading skills of the learners at primary level in PRP and non-PRP Schools and to compare gender wise, area wise improvement in Urdu reading skills of the learners at primary level in PRP and non-PRP schools. The population of the study consisted of all 410 PRP schools (256 male 154female) and 620 Non-PRP Schools (309 male &311 female) of Dist. Kotli in AJ&K. Four PRP schools and four non- PRP schools (2 boys &2 girls) were selected randomly. In this way, total eight (8) schools were selected and total students were 191. The self-made test was made as a research instrument for this study. Data collection was made through a personal visit. Data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation and independent sample t-test. The performance of PRP Schools is above than average marks in all reading components while Non- PRP Schools is above than in three reading components (comprehension, vocabulary and print concept) and below average in three reading components. On the basis of analysis and findings conclusion were drawn the students studying in PRP Schools were better than the students studying in Non-PRP Schools with respect to Urdu reading skills in District Kotli AJ&K. Boys were better than girls in PRP & non-PRP Schools, urban was better than rural students in PRP Schools and rural were slightly better than urban in Non-PRP Schools in Urdu reading skills. The findings, analysis, and conclusions give some ideas in improving Urdu reading skills. Education department with the help and co-operation of Government should provide the opportunities for the teachers to gain training about modern techniques of PRP. The government should upgrade their teachers and Headteachers regarding coaching according to the modern era. Department of education should organize a proper ongoing training for their teachers and Headteachers. These Urdu reading components and techniques of PRP should be the part of the curriculum of AJK as well in Pakistan.
References
Ahmad, I. (2002). Urdu and Madrasa Education. Economic and Political Weekly 2285- 2287.
Ahmad, R. (2011). Urdu in Devanagari: Shifting orthographic practices and Muslim identity in Delhi. Language in Society, 40(03), 259-284.
Armbruster, B., Lehr, F., & Osborn, J. (2001). Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read. Washington, DC: National Institute for Literacy. Retrieved July 1, 2004, from
Amna, M. (2014). Skills of Language Reading. London: Mitpress.mit.edu.The MITPress.
ASER. (2012). Annual Status of Education Report on Analysis of reading abilityIslamabad: ASER 2012.
Bashir, A.S., & Hook, P.E. (2009). Fluency: a key link between word identification and comprehension. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 40, 196-200. doi:0161-1461/09/4002-0196
Brett, R. (2010). "Plato and his Predecessors". In Alex Barber & Robert J Stainton (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Language and Linguistics. Elsevier. pp. 569–70.
Burns, M. S., Griffin, P, & Snow, C. E. (Eds.). (1999). Starting out right: A guide to promoting children’s reading success. Washington, DC: The National Academy Press.
Candlin, C. 1984. Preface. In Alderson, J. C. and Urquhart, A. H. (ed.), pp. ix-xiii Carrell, P.L. 1983. “Background knowledge in second language comprehension” in Language Learning and Communication, 2. pp. 25- 34.
Carrell, P. L., and Eisterhold. 1983. “Schema theory and ESL reading pedagogy”. TESOL Quarterly, 18. pp. 553-75.
Carrell, P.L. 1988. Interactive Text Processing: Implications for ESL/second language classrooms. In Carrell, P. L. et al. (ed.), pp. 239-59. op. cit.
Census (1998). Report of urban educated middle-class Punjabis in census 1998.
Colin P. Masica (1993). Foreign Language Study. Cambridge University Press, 09- Sep-1993.
Dechant, E.V. 1969. Improving the Teaching of Reading. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited.
Derrida, J. 1976. Of Grammatology. Translated by Chakravorty, G. John Hopkins University.
Durkin, D. (1993). Teaching them to read (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Ganley, D. (2004). Getting Back in touch: How a Return to the Local High School Classroom Impacted a Teacher Educator and Her Credential Program &Language Acquisition.
Goodman, K. S. 1967. Reading: a psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of the Reading Specialist. vol: 6, pp. 126-35.
Goodman, K.S. (1977). Miscue Analysis: Application to reading instruction. Urbana: ERIC Clearinghouse on Reading and Communication Skills. Gough, P.B. 1972. One Second of Reading. In Kavanagh, J.F., and Mattingly, I.G. (ed.). Language by Ear and by Eye. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Greenwood, J. (1998). Class Readers. Hongkong: Oxford University Press.
Grellet, F. (1996). Developing Reading Skills: A practical guide to reading comprehension exercises. Cambridge University Press.
Hussain, S., & Afzal, M. (2001). Urdu computing standards: Urdu zabta takhti (uzt) 1.01. In Multi Topic Conference, 2001. IEEE INMIC 2001. Technology for the 21st Century. Proceedings. IEEE International (pp. 223-228). IEEE
International Literacy Day (2018).September 7, 2017.
Janlongo, M.R.(1998).On the behalf of children: The phuss over phonics. Early Childhood Education Journal 26 (1), 1-6.
Jain, D., & Cardona, G. (Eds.). (2007). Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge.
Janjua, Q. A. (2015) Education System in Pakistan. Hamari web. Education Articles (8 June 2013).
John, L. (1981). Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 0-521-29775-3.)
Jordan Education Initiative (JEI) is a non-governmental organization established in 2003 under the patronage of His Majesty King Abdullah II (2003).
Malik, A.(2013).Urdu language learning. Improving your reading skills.
Mahmood, S. (2014) Importance of Urdu Language in Pakistan. The Pakistan News(6 July 2015).
McLaughlin, B. (Ed.). (2013). Second Language Acquisition in Childhood: Volume 2: School-age Children. Psychology Press.
Noushad, H. &Maulana, A.(2015) Language and Language Skills. Research Gate Article( March 2015).
Nuttall, C. 1996. Teaching Reading Skills in a foreign language. Oxford: Heinemann.
Paris, S.G. (2005). Reinterpreting the development of reading skills. Reading Research Quarterly, 40, 184-202. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.pluma.sjfc.edu
Rasinski, T. V. (2003). The fluent reader: Oral reading strategies for building word recognition, fluency, and comprehension. New York: Scholastic Professional Books.
Ransom, G.A. 1978. Preparing to Teach Reading. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company.
Report on the evaluation of the Pakistan Philanthropy Center (PCP) Public-Private Partnership in Education (2014).
Schmidt, F., Friedman, A., & Marvel, J. (1992). Mediation for kids (2nd ed.). Florida: Grace Contrino Abrams Peace Education Foundation.
Section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution, 1974. The official language shall be Urdu.
Shahid, M. (2017). PRP Phase-1 Final Report. PRP Kotli.
Shahid, M.(2017-2018). PRP Annual report. PRP Kotli.
Shaw, H. 1959. Expository Reading for Writers. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers.
Stevens, R. J., Slavin, R. E., & Farnish, A. M. (1991). The effects of cooperative learning and instruction in reading comprehension strategies on main idea identification. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(1), 8-16.
Supreme, C. (2015). Supreme Court orders the government to adopt Urdu as official Language. Islamabad: Dawn (September 8, 2015).
Supreme, C. (2017). National Language Identity of Nation.C. J. AJ&K. (April16,2017).
The Government of Pakistan, (2012). Annual Report: Pakistan Education Statistics 2011- 12.Islamabad: Academy of Education Planning Management.
The Government of Pakistan, (1973).The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan. Urdu to be the national language of Pakistan. Islamabad:
The Government of Pakistan Cabinet, S.,(2015). Implementation of Urdu as the official language. Islamabad:
The News, (2014).Islamabad: USAID launched PRP in Pakistan. USAID.
The News/Jang Education Expo 2014 held in Islamabad, Lahore, and Karachi.
Trask &Lawrence, R. (2007). Stockwell, Peter, ed. Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Urquhart, S. and Weir, C. 1998. Reading in a Second Language: Process, Product and Practice. London: Longman.
Urducouncil, (2011).National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language.NCPUL
New Delhi: NCPUL.
USAID(2015).Module-1 components of reading. Islamabad:
USAID (2017). Module-3. The practice of community, Quarterly TIG meetings, all
components of reading and Future plan .Islamabad:
Weir, C. J. 1993. Understanding and Developing Language Tests. London: Prentice Hall
Wolfe, P. (2001). Brain matters: Translating research into classroom practice. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Widdowson, H. G. 1979. “The Process and Purpose of Reading”. In H. G.
Widdowson (ed.) Explorations in Applied Linguistics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
