A Descriptive Study of Educational System of Pakistan and Indonesia, at Elementary Level
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v2.03(21)7.79-85Keywords:
Education, teacher education, literacy rate, expenditure on education, Pakistan and IndonesiaAbstract
Development of any country depends upon its education system. To enhance its future every nation of the world is well aware about the fruits of its good education system. Education for all (EFA) is also one of the main objective of one’s educational system. The objective of this article is to explore the education system of Pakistan and Indonesia in this context. The data reveals that literacy rate of Indonesia is higher than Pakistan which is 95.7% whereas in Pakistan literacy rate is 58%. Pakistan is spending almost 2% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) whereas Indonesia is spending 3.6% of its GDP on education. Children out of school at elementary level in Pakistan and Indonesia are 5.37 million and 4.4 million respectively. Student teacher ratio at elementary level is also very low in case of Indonesia with (16-1) pupil per teacher whereas in Pakistan this ratio is (41-1) pupils per teacher.
References
Abbasi, A. M. (2011). A Survey of Teaching Strategies. Journal of Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow. ISSN; 1930-2940, Volume: 11, 11 November 2011.
Ahmed, M. (2011). Comparative perspective on Initial Primary Teacher Education and Training in Pakistan and Indonesia. An unpublished Ph.D. thesis: University of Jakarta, Indonesia.
Akram, M. (2014). The Multiple Role of Teacher and Teacher Training in Pakistan, American Based Research Journal, ISSN (2304-7152), 2(7) 1-7.
Ali, M. (2020). Teacher training: Teacher education in transition. Dawn.
Austin, J.D. (2013). The Fourth Way: The Inspiring Future of Educational Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Ball, D.L. (2014). Prospective elementary and secondary teachers, understanding of division. Journal of Research in Education, 21, 132-144.
British Council, (2016). Survey of Teacher Training in Pakistan. Islamabad: The British Council Educational Contracts Department Overseas Development Authority.
Chang, M. (2015). Teacher Reform in Indonesia. The Role of Politics and Evidence in Policy Making. Washington, DC: World Bank, Directions in Development.
Crystal, D. (2013). English as a Global Language (second edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Dore. R. (2011). Faculty retention in elementary education institutions of Pakistan. Journal of Theories and Research in Education, 7(2), 1-14.
Education for all. (2014). National Review, Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan: Islamabad.
Educational Survey of Pakistan. (2020). Ministry of Education, Government of Pakistan: Islamabad.
Fossum, P.R. (2016). Text Book of Comparative Education, sixth edition, Visas publishing House: Jakarta.
Ghafoor, A. (2015). Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Educational Institutions: Journal of Education and Practices, Vol. 6(16): 122-130.
Government of Punjab. (2014). Standard Manual, Elementary and Secondary Schools. Education Department, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Government of Punjab. (2019). Standard Manual, Elementary and Secondary Schools. Education Department, Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Government of Pakistan. (2009). National Education Policy 2009. Islamabad: Ministry of Education.
Hardth, S. T. (2012). Education Reform in the Context of Regional Autonomy: The Case of Indonesia. Jakarta: Ministry of National Education and National Development Agency, Republic of Indonesia, and the World Bank.
Hargreaves, W. (2017). Education and Training for Development: The Political Economy of Skills Formation in East Asian Newly Industrialized Economies, London, Routledge.
Hoban, G. F. (2012). Teacher Learning for Educational Change a systems thinking approach. Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Kaur, F. (2011). Education, Training and the Global Economy, Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
Khan, H. G., Sameer, R. & Siraj, A. (2016). Higher education policies of Pakistan since independence. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Education and Research, 1 (10).
Kimball, S. M. (2010). Teacher quality and educational quality: do teachers with higher standards based evaluation rating close student’s achievement gap? The elementary school journal, 106(1), 23-37.
Maria, K, (2013). Impact of teachers’ training on academic performance of students in District Multan, Pakistan. Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 5(2).
National Education Policy of Pakistan (2017). Government of Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Education.
Parveen, R. (2013). Teacher training: Teacher education in transition. Dawn.
Saeed, M (2013). Critical Analysis of Problems of School Teachers in Pakistan: Challenges and Possible Solutions. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(4).
Sheikh, B (2018) Text Book of Teacher Education in Pakistan, B.Ed. 4Years (P-193), Allama Iqbal Open University: Islamabad.
Sodhi, T.S. (2018). The Rise and Fall of Comparative Education in Teacher Training, A psychological perspective. Milton Keyes: Open University Press.
Sultana, A. (2010). Constraints of management dynamics of higher education in Pakistan. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 10(9), 2-6.
Suratno, T. (2014). Learning Community in an Indonesian Primary School: A Dialogue. Speech delivered at the First International Conference on School as Learning Community. Gakushuin University, Tokyo, March 8–10, 2014.
Tahira, B (2012), Text Book of Comparative Education, B. Ed 4Years (P-193), Allama Iqbal Open University: Islamabad.
Turkkahrman, M. (2012). The Role of Education in the Societal Development. Journal of Educational and Instructional Studies in the World, volume: 2(4).
UNESCO (2020). Status of Teacher Education in the Asia-Pacific.
